Social Institutions

 

Social Institutions

 

Social Institutions

-       Social structures that fulfill fundamental social needs. The basic social institutions are Family, School, Government, Economic and Religious Institutions.

 

Kinship Marriage and Family

 

·         Kinship, Marriage, and Family

 

·         Family and Household

-       Family

Two or more people are related by blood, marriage, or adoption.

-       Household

The basic residential unit where economic production, inheritance, child-rearing, and shelter are recognized and carried out.

 

·         Forms of Family

-       According to membership:

 

Nuclear Family – a group of people who are united by ties of partnership and parenthood and consisting of a pair of adults and their socially recognized children. Children in a nuclear family may be the couple's biological or adopted offspring.

 

Extended Family – a family that extends beyond the nuclear family, consisting of parents like father, mother, and their children, aunts, uncles, grandparents, and cousins, all living in the same household. Particular forms include the stem and joint families.

 

Non-traditional Family – a family that is not made up of one mother, one father, and a child or children.

 

Non-Family Household – consists of a householder living alone (a one-person household) or where the householder shares the home exclusively with people to whom he/she is not related.

 

Single Parent Household – are families with children under age 18 headed by a parent who is widowed or divorced and not remarried, or by a parent who has never married.

 

-       According to Residence Patterns:

 

Patrilocal – patrilocal residence or patrilocality, also known as a virilocal residence or virilocality, are terms referring to the social system in which a married couple resides with or near the husband's parents. The concept of location may extend to a larger area such as a village, town, or clan territory.

 

Matrilocal – matrilocal residence or matrilocality (also uxorilocal residence or uxorilocal) is the societal system in which a married couple resides with or near the wife's parents.

Neolocal – When a married couple lives together in a new residence instead of with the husband's family (patrilocal residence) or the wife's family (matrilocal residence).

 

Bilocal – Ambilocal residence (or ambilocality), also called bilocal residence (bilocality) is the societal postmarital residence in which couples, upon marriage, choose to live with or near either spouse's parents.

 

Avunulocal – An avunculocal society is one in which a married couple traditionally lives with the man's mother's eldest brother, which most often occurs in matrilineal societies. This pattern generally occurs when a man obtains his status, his job role, or his privileges from their nearest elder matrilineal male relative.

 

-       According to Power

 

Patriarchal – Patriarchy is a social system in which men hold primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege, and control of property.

 

Matriarchal – matriarchy, hypothetical social system in which the mother or a female elder has absolute authority over the family group; by extension, one or more women (as in a council) exert a similar level of authority over the community as a whole.

 

Bilateral – Bilateral descent is a system of family lineage in which the relatives on the mother's side and father's side are equally important for emotional ties or transfer of property or wealth. It is a family arrangement where descent and inheritance are passed equally through both parents.

 

·         Control of Sexual Relations

-       Culture plays a significant role in sexual behavior, helping to determine when, how, and between whom sex takes place.

 

·         Regulating Sexual Relations and Marriage

-       Through laws like religious laws/doctrine

-       Marriage – Culturally sanctioned union between two or more people that establishes certain rights and obligations between the people, between them and their children, between them and their in-laws.

-       Incest Taboo – Is the prohibition of sexual intercourse or marriage among mother and son, father and daughter, or brother and sister.

 

·         Forms of Marriage

-       According to Composition

 

Monogamy – Marriage in which both partners have just one spouse. Serial monogamy is a marriage form in which an individual marries.

 

Polygamy – One individual has multiple spouses at the same time.

 

Polygyny – Is a marriage of a man to two or more women at the same time.

 

Polyandry – Is a marriage of a woman to two or more men at the same time.

 

Group Marriage – Marriage in which several men and women have sexual access to one another.

 

-       According to Ethnicity

 

Endogamy - the practice of marrying within a specific social group, religious denomination, caste, or ethnic group, rejecting those from others as unsuitable for marriage or other close personal relationships.

 

Exogamy - the custom of marrying outside a community, clan, or tribe.

 

·         Kinship and Other Groups

 

Kinship – a network of relatives within which individuals possess certain mutual rights and obligations.

 

Descent Groups – any kindship group with a membership lineally descending from a real (historical) or fictional common ancestor.

 

Forms of Descent:

 

Unilineal Descent – a system of determining descent groups in which one belongs to one's father's or mother's line, whereby one's descent is traced either exclusively through male ancestors (patriline), or exclusively through female ancestors (matriline).

 

Patrilineal Descent – or agnatic, the descent is established by tracing descent exclusively through males from a founding male ancestor. The individuals indicated in blue constitute the patrilineal descendants of a common ancestor.

 

Matrilineal Descent – or uterine, descent is established by tracing descent exclusively through females from a founding female ancestor. Both men and women are included in the patrilineage formed but only female links are utilized to include successive generations.

 

Bilateral Descent – a system of family lineage in which the relatives on the mother's side and father's side are equally important for emotional ties or transfer of property or wealth. It is a family arrangement where descent and inheritance are passed equally through both parents.