Foundation of Education - Historical Foundation - Modern Conceptions of Education
Foundations of Education
Historical Foundations
Modern Conceptions of Education
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Education for rich, full life/Italian or individual: Humanism
Aim: To secure
rich and full life for each individual through contacts with the ancient
Content: Grammar,
literature and mathematics
Methods: Text
study, written themes, self-activity and self-expression
Proponents: Vittorino da Feltre
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Northern or social humanism
Aim: For
social reform
Content: Classical
and biblical literature (religious)
Methods:
Individualized instruction, repetition and mastery, motivation, use of praise
and rewards
Proponents: Desiderious Erasmus
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Reformation
Aim: Religious
moralism
Content: Physical
education, character education, math, history, science
Methods:
Memorization, religious indoctrination
Proponent: Martin Luther
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Counter Reformation
Aim: To
develop an unquestioning obedience to the authority of the church.
Content: 4R’s
(religion included)
Methods: 1. Adapting
the lesson to the abilities, needs and interest 2. Reviewing the previous
lessons 3. Repetition for mastery 4. Memorization with understanding 5. Use of
textbooks
Proponents: Christian brothers, Jansenist, Jesuits
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Education as training of the mind/formal discipline
Aims: To train
the mind through rigorous exercises in order to develop intellectual capacities
Contents:
Classical languages and math; Physical (vigor of the body), Mental (mental
power) and Moral (good conduct)
Methods: Formal-sensation,
memory and reasoning, drill method
Proponent: John Locke
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Rationalism
Aims: To enable
man to think for themselves
Contents: Philosophical/scientific
knowledge, ethics and morality
Methods: Critical
analysis, application of reason
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Education in Harmony with Nature/Naturalistic Conception of Education
Aims: To
develop the individual in accordance with the laws of human development and to
preserve the natural goodness of man
Content: Holistic
education (physical, moral, intellectual)
Proponents: Jean Jacques Rousseau
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Education for Patriotic Citizenship/Nationalistic Conception
Aims: To
develop military preparedness and aggressiveness for the preservation and
glorification of the state
Content: Social Studies
Methods: Practical
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Education as Psychological development
Aims: To direct
and control growth and development through appropriate educational procedures.
Content: Math,
science, language, arts, history, literature
Methods:
Principles and laws of learning
Proponents: Johann Heinrich Pestal Pestalozzi (social regeneration of humanity), Friedrich
Froebel (development of the child), Jonathan Herbart (moral development),
Edward Lee Thorndike (realize the fullest satisfaction of human wants).
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Education as a Scientifically Determined Process
Aims: To make
education a science
Content: Science
Methods:
Experimental, problem-solving, scientific method and research
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Education as Social Reconstruction/Social Experimentalism
Aims: Prepare
for a progressive rebuilding of the social order
Content: Social
Studies
Intellectual
– critical examination of the social conditions and social problems
Civic –
intelligent participation and cooperation in civic affairs
Vocational
– social relationships of one’s job
Methods: Guidance
(including social guidance), intelligent and cooperative participation; Field
trips, directed classroom study (community life)
